Structuralbd is a Residential Engineering Services. Specialized in the structural design of various types of projects like concrete, steel, and timber structure.
Special experience in structural design of US residential home for City Approval. Blog Book. Moyn April 15, Save Saved Removed 2. Place this code where you want an ad to appear. Do this for each individual ad unit, on every page.
Related Articles. Structural Designing Structural engineers are more graduated for structural detailing and their analysis. So, they are more in to design of structures. The structural designing procedures carried out by the structural engineers include calculating the loads and the stresses acting on the building, analysis for the loads, design of sections of structures to sustain the loads; so that the structure designed will withstand the loads predicted safely.
The structural engineers are also involved in the selection of materials best suited for the structure. This will hence ask for good knowledge about the different materials that are used in the construction at the current condition like their economic factors, strength factors and durability factors.
The quality factors of different building materials can be analyzed by a structural engineer to finalize their suitability in the design of the beams, columns or the foundations. Another skill of a structural designer is the analysis of structures. As years pass new software are being developed for the analysis of structures at different conditions of loads like wind, earthquake etc.
Most of the structural engineers have to study and work with these software with a knowledge of both the technical details and the programming details. In some organizations, the analysis is carried out by a programmer who may not have the civil engineering graduation but is assisted by a structural engineer. Whatever be the mode of analysis done, the structural engineer must have the ability to understand and interpret the results from the software to know the validity of the values provided as output.
Site Investigations When dealing with the site investigation, the structural engineers are involved in checking the condition of the soil for the construction of the project.
Based on the loads calculated by the designer, it must be checked whether the soil is suitable to bear the calculated loads. Any kind of treatment required for the soil too is decided based on the investigation. This investigation is carried out by testing the soil which is the part of geotechnical engineer. Communication Even though structural engineers are the ones that bring and develop the design ideas and detail, he can only see it happen on the site only if the structure is constructed as desired.
For this, his interpretation and ideas have to conveyed with the other members of the projects. The structural engineer has to coordinate and consult other members like the site engineers, other design engineers, geotechnical engineers, landscape architects, architects, project managers etc. Proper knowledge helps in spreading correct information among the group avoiding confusion and errors.
Construction Management The management responsibility of a structural engineer starts from the collection of sufficient information for the project to the execution of different activities on the construction site. In certain critical situations, they are responsible for material and equipment delivery for undergoing a special task of the construction project. They conduct frequent checks of the on- site labor works and the activities. Training Works Not all structural engineers are trained for the complete responsibilities.
Some are gained through years of experience and some standard skills through different training activities. As construction is an industry prone to more of safety issues, structural engineers are to be trained for strict standards of working. Organization authorities can train the structural engineers for special quality certifications or for special analysis or design software.
Proper knowledge of the National codes of the area is an important technical knowledge for any structural engineer. Roles and Responsibilities of a Consulting Civil Engineer A consulting civil engineer is an independent, professional engineer who performs well-detailed engineering services for clients on agreed sum of money. It is quite unfortunate that the services and responsibilities that a consulting civil engineer renders are poorly understood while those who seek to engage him have only a vague idea of his functions.
Most graduates of engineering background also have a meager understanding of the role he plays. Even some consulting civil engineers lack adequate comprehension of their responsibilities and obligations.
This article is presented to address all of the above shortcomings and to make the public at large appreciate the works of a consulting civil engineer. I have drawn mostly on my experiences as a professional engineer who has worked with both governmental and corporate organizations on various landmark projects. The competent engineer who likes variety and enjoys the challenge of ever-changing problems can find a fascinating and rewarding career in a consulting firm.
The profession demands business and management skills in addition to engineering and professional trainings.
It offers a unique opportunity for self-employment and it is perhaps the only path open to an engineer with the spirit of an entrepreneur who wishes to become his own boss in full-time engineering practice. In spite of its importance, challenge and fascination, the profession of consulting engineering is little recognized and poorly appreciated by members of the public largely due to the fact that his services are seldom performed for individuals as in the case of other professions like medicine and law.
What is a Consulting Civil Engineer? A consulting civil engineer is simply an independent, professional engineer who performs well- detailed engineering services for a client based on an agreed sum of money. He must be registered to practice as a professional engineer in the state or country where he resides and it is illegitimate for him to have commercial affiliations with manufacturers, material suppliers and contractors. Services rendered by a given consulting civil engineer depend not only on his field of engineering but also on his choice between special and general practice.
Some consultants confine their activities to a limited field in which they function as specialists and thereby becoming consultants to other engineers or clients having need of highly specialized advice and guiding information. Others may prefer to specialize in services to a certain type of client rather than perform in a broader range. Most consultants, however, offer broader services or general practice although their activities may be confined to one or more fields of engineering, or several types of projects.
Such general practitioners are more likely to have several kinds of clients and therefore perform more varied services as they can handle all aspects of engineering projects. Consultation Consultation occurs when a client, who needs an opinion on some engineering problems, avails himself of the expert knowledge and the experience of a consulting civil engineer. Investigation Most consultations usually require some study and investigation which involve analysis and simple computations while others may require field trips to observe and inspect equipment or structures.
Feasibility Reports These reports are concerned with determining the feasibility of some projects while presenting the results of surveys, studies and investigation carried out to confirm the engineering solution to be adopted in line with the financial cost. A feasibility study will usually include such items as purpose of study, requirements and needs of project, alternate solutions, estimated construction cost, recommendations and conclusion.
Engineering Design Engineering design is the process of determining the physical characteristics and dimensions of a structure or project to be constructed or manufactured. These characteristics and dimensions are presented graphically on drawings, commonly referred to as blueprints by the layman. Such drawings, or plans, are supplemented by written documents called specifications. Frequently, the design process includes the preparation of detailed lists of materials called bill of quantities which is used to procure all the materials needed for the construction or manufacturing work.
Procurement The consulting civil engineer often assists the client in the selection of contractors or in the purchase of materials for the award of contracts. Procurement usually involves the receipt of a proposal from one or more material suppliers and selection is made on a competitive or a negotiated basis. With the plans, specifications and contract documents, bids are solicited from contractors or manufacturers through public notices issued in accordance with legal requirements.
After the receipt of all interested tenders, bids are opened publicly, as a rule, read and tabulated by the consulting civil engineer who will then makes his recommendations to the client. Construction Supervision This activity consists of two parts — general supervision and resident supervision.
The resident engineer is responsible for detailed supervision and inspection to ensure that the project is constructed according to the plans and specifications. In addition, he also coordinates and expedites the activities of the contractors. Legal Services Often consulting civil engineers are requested to function as expert witnesses in the court proceedings and to advise clients and lawyers on engineering matters involved in legal procedures.
Other Services The list of services outlined above is by no means complete and a compilation of a complete list of services would be a formidable task and would serve no useful purpose. However, the How to be Successful in your Civil Engineering Career?
Achieving Effectiveness as a Young Civil Engineer Civil engineers spend four or more years in the institution being persuaded that if they solve the technical problems properly they will be rewarded with high grades. Not surprisingly, when they get to work, many civil engineers still expect that all they have to do to succeed is to apply effectively the technical and analytical skills they have been taught to the engineering assignments given to them.
This is necessary, but not sufficient. Successful Civil Engineers learn to manage their careers with the same skill and care they apply to their technical assignments, and with a sufficient priority. Get Off to A Right Start In Civil Engineering education, you have to work hard to survive a demanding curriculum and to build an academic record you can be proud of.
The chances are that you landed your first job because the employer came looking for you. Civil Engineering employment has traditionally been reasonably secure, and most industries were less likely to lay off engineers than other workers. However, nowadays, jobs held by civil engineers are growing increasingly vulnerable due to structural changes in economic situation which affect the work environment that confront engineers resulting in corporate downsizing, reduced long-term research expenditures, automation and globalization.
Regard Your Work Since having a secure job is not satisfying for most professional civil engineers, you must begin to build for yourself a personal reputation on which your future career success will depend. Several decades later, you may come to reflect on the actions and decisions in your early career that made you successful, or that might have made you more successful: perhaps then you will be willing to share your hard-earned wisdom with young civil engineers who are following in your footsteps.
The new graduate usually makes his or her mark within the first few years in the organization depending on his or her technical ability which is complemented by his managerial ability to command, plan, organize and control people. This makes it essential to give your best efforts to your early assignments, regardless of how trivial they may appear. Doing an exceptional job on a minor assignment is the best way to be recognized and assigned more important, more challenging, more satisfying work since executives are continually searching for competent people to move up into more responsible positions.
Keep a tickler file and call and call again if need be to check on progress. Find another way to get it done or work two techniques in parallel if necessary. Go the Extra Miles — and Hours Reputations are not made on a hour week, and to be an effective professional you will at least have to do your professional studies largely on your own time; as you increase in responsibility you will also find that you need uninterrupted blocks of time that never seem to be available during the day for planning and thinking problems through.
The fastest promotions generally go to those who put forth the extra effort and meet deadlines. This must be balanced against other values — time spent raising our families, recreation time to keep us whole and renewed, service to our community and other time invested on things that are important to us.
These balances can be particularly difficult for married female professionals, unless they are fortunate enough to marry someone who truly does his share in home and family choices. Look for opportunities to make a presentation, to take leadership role in a professional society chapter, to give a talk in a symposium or to organize a seminar for skill empowerment.
Notice how successful civil engineers dress, and do likewise but perhaps with a touch of style ; save your expressions of independence for more important things. Notice how your colleagues interact and how they get things accomplished. Regard Your Boss Long before the days of universities and textbooks, craftsmen in all the arts absorbed their skills by apprenticeship to master craftsmen. By observing the master engineer, you can learn much more quickly the art of being an effective civil engineering professional.
Understand the boss to the point that the decisions you make are the same ones he or she would make. Strive to become his or her alter ego because not only will you learn the art, but you will become so trusted and valuable that when this paragon is promoted, he or she will not want to tackle a bigger job without taking you along to help.
If, on the other hand, your boss is not of this caliber, you still owe him or her your best while you are looking for a transfer. Someday, you may need help in finding a new job, getting a recommendation or some other venture. Also, you may need outside sources of information on people and business or some other vital resources needed to solve a problem.
You will be measured not just by what you know but by what you can find out when needed. Networking is the modern term for such a web of mutually supportive relationships. Safety Procedures at Construction Site — Safety Precautions and PPEs Any construction site is a dangerous occupation for all personnel, especially for labors working on site and so one must be prepared every day for safety.
For this purpose, various safety measures have to be taken. It has to be worn all times at job site. Safety Glasses Safety glasses are required at construction site every time debris is filled in air due to activities on site.
Safety Vests Safety vests also called as high visibility shirts. Purpose of safety vest is to keep the person always clear in view, even in the dark and he should be visible to everyone. As per standard practice if you are 2 foot away from somebody and you need to shout to talk, putting hearing protection is necessary. Respiratory Protection Sometimes as voluntary respiration policy dust mask is supplied, any employee looking for additional comfort or safety while working with fiber glass, fire proofing, cleaning the floors or handling debris.
An approved welding shield is compulsory to wear during all welding operations. Safety Harness The safety harness is an attachment between a fixed and mobile object and is usually fabricated from rope, cable and locking hardware. Full body safety harness to be used as a procedure for fall protecting system, ignorance can result in severe physical harm.
Safety harnesses keep workers safe and are helpful in freeing their hands for work even while hanging on the side of a building. Material Storage Material on the job site should be stored properly when not in use to prevent injury and wastage of materials. Ensure proper storage and good housekeeping. Proper storage can prevent the falls of the materials leading to material damage and accidents.
Weight of the material stored should be within safe loading limits of the building floor. Keep the passageway always clear for walking of personal and prevent injuries. Always store the material away from traffic. Store material at least 6 feet away from the openings in the floor and 10 feet from the edge of the floor if the wall is not built on edge of floor.
Mechanical Material Handling Mechanical material handling also requires same amount of safety as in case of manual material handling. Equipment Operator needs to take care of the weight lifting capacity of the equipment like forklifts, cranes and other similar to avoid accidents.
Binding wire required for steel reinforcement — 8 kg per MT 3 samples should be taken for every m2 in core cutting test. Maximum chair spacing — 1 m. Minimum dia should be used in dowels rod — 12 mm. Hook for strriups one side — 9D No. Minimum no. All reinforcement should be free from mill scales, loose rust, and coats of paints, oil or any other substances.
Final setting time should not be greater than 10 hours. Heavily reinforced concrete: 75 — mm. Various parts of the formwork are shown in the same fig. Sizes of various elements and their functions are given in brief.
Cleats: Cleats are fixed to the sides of the beams. The size of the cleat is mm x 20 mm or mm x 30 mm. Side forms of the sheathing of the beams are generally 30 mm thick.
Joists Or Battens: Joists support the decking. Joists are also known as battens. Ledgers: Ledgers are horizontal wooden pieces nailed to the cleats. They form the bearing for joists. Bottom Sheathing: It should be made 50 mm to 70 mm thick as load is quite heavy over it.
Head Tree: The whole of the beam is supported on a head tree. It is a horizontal beam connected at top of the vertical post or shore, through inclined cleats or beams. At the bottom of the vertical posts or shores, a pair or wedges are fixed over sole pieces. Wedges help in tightening or slightly raising the formwork to develop initial camber in the formwork. Wedges are withdrawn while stripping the formwork. Formwork should not be stripped at once, but should be loosened slowly by withdrawing the wedges slightly in stages.
In our previous article, we have already discussed different types of beams used in construction. In this article, we will discuss the differences between primary, secondary and tie beam.
Usually, primary beams are shear connected or simply supported and they are provided in a regular building structure. The depth of the primary beams is always greater than secondary beams. Primary beam act as a medium between columns and secondary beams. These beams are provided for supporting and reducing the deflection of beams and slabs. TIE BEAM: The beams that are connected by two or more rafters in the roof or roof truss for stiffening the whole building structure, known as tie beams.
Generally, tie beams are used in roof truss or in damp proof course at the plinth level. They are usually used for activities such as plastering, painting, brickwork at heights etc. There are various types of scaffolding: 1. Steel Scaffolding. Needle Or Cantilever Scaffolding. Suspended Scaffolding. It is also known as falsework or shuttering. In the So, By their definitions, scaffolds are for supporting labor and materials and act as working platforms. Formwork Shuttering acts as molds for pouring concrete.
This can be: 1. Wooden Ballies 2. H frames 4. It is also known as centering or shuttering. Formwork is placed at its right position before pouring the fresh concrete in it. Poured concrete is then compacted and permitted to solidify to gain strength. The formwork is permitted to stay in position till the concrete achieve enough strength to resist the stresses coming on it without the assistance of the formwork.
After this, the formwork is removed. A good formwork should satisfy the following requirements: 1. It should be adequately strong to withstand an extensive variety of dead and live loads. For instance, self-weight, weight of reinforcement, weight of wet concrete, loads of workers, and any other loads during and after casting of concrete.
It should be inflexibly built and efficiently propped and supported to hold its shape without undue deflection. The joints in the formwork should be tight enough to prevent leakage of cement grout. The formwork should be created in such a way that it may allow the evacuation of different parts in the desired sequence without shaking or damaging the concrete.
The material of the formwork should be inexpensive, easily accessible and can be reused for several times. The surface of the formwork should be plain and smooth, and set properly to the desired line and level. The material of the formwork should not bend or get perverted in presence of sun, rain or water at the time of concreting. It should be lightweight. It should be easy to remove. Dead Loads: Dead loads consist of self-weight of the structure weight of walls, floors, roofs etc. The weight of the foundation and footings and all other permanent loads acting on the structure.
These can be computed by finding the weights of cubical contents of the different materials used for constructing the structure. Live Loads: Live loads consist of moving or variable loads like people, furniture, temporary stores etc. It is also called super-imposed load.
Wind Loads: The Wind acts horizontally on the surfaces of the walls, roofs and inclined roof of the structure. That means it exerts uniform pressure on the structural components on which it acts and tends to disturb the stability of the structure. Snow Loads: The amount of snow load depends on various factors such as shape and size of roof structure, roofing materials, location of the structure, insulation of the structure, duration, and frequency of snow.
Seismic Load: These loads are internal forces which act on the structure due to earthquake developed ground movements. The selection of suitable type of footing generally depends on the following factors: 1.
The depth of the soil at which safe bearing strata exists. The type and condition of soil. The type of the superstructure. Spread Footings 3. Isolated footings.
Stepped footings. Combined footings. Sloped footings. Mat or Raft foundation. Strapped footings 9. Pile foundation. It is also known as wall footing.
SPREAD FOOTING: As the name suggests, a spread is given under the base of the foundation so that the load of the structure is distributed on wide area of the soil in such a way that the safe bearing capacity of the soil is not exceeded.
They are used to carry the load of metal columns and transmit this load to the below ground. This footing may be of rectangular or trapezoidal in plan. Combined footing is provided under following situations. When columns are close to each other and their individual footings overlap. Soil having low bearing capacity and requires more area under individual footing. The column end is situated near the property line and the footing can not be extended.
The individual footing areas of the columns are so arranged that the C. G of the combined loads of the two columns pass through the C. G of the two footing areas. Once this criterion is achieved, the pressure distribution below each individual footing will be uniform. This foundation has only RCC slab covering the whole area or slab and beam together. Mat foundation is adopted when heavy structures are to be constructed on soft made-up ground or marshy sites with uncertain behavior.
Mat foundation is also known as raft foundation. This type of footing is useful in the construction of formwork. The main purpose of the foundation is to distribute the total weight of the superstructure over a large area of soil. Various types of foundation are described below which are used in construction. Shallow Foundation. Deep Foundation. The depth of foundation is equal or less than its width. In this foundation, the total loads of the structure are distributed over a horizontal area at shallow depth below the ground level.
It is provided in the soil with low bearing capacity where structural loads are heavy. The depth of foundation is much greater than its width. The load is transferred to a stronger stratum by friction or by bearing. Bearing Piles. Friction Piles. Sheet piles. Anchor Piles.
Batter Piles. Fender Piles. Compaction Piles. Classification based On Material: 1. Timber piles. Concrete Piles. Steel Piles. Earthen Cofferdam.
Rock-fill Cofferdam. Single-walled cofferdam. Double-walled cofferdam. Crib Cofferdam. Cellular Cofferdam. Types Of Caissons: 1. Open Caisson. We hope you liked it and already have your next book! If you found this list useful, do not forget to share it on your social networks. Do you want more Engineering books in PDF format?
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